# With parentheses
point = (3, 4)
colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
mixed = (1, "hello", 3.14, True)

# Without parentheses (tuple packing)
coordinates = 10, 20, 30

# Single element tuple (comma is required!)
single = (42,)       # This is a tuple
not_tuple = (42)     # This is just an integer!
print(type(single))     # <class 'tuple'>
print(type(not_tuple))  # <class 'int'>

# Empty tuple
empty = ()
empty = tuple()

# From other iterables
from_list = tuple([1, 2, 3])
from_string = tuple("Python")  # ('P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n')
from_range = tuple(range(5))   # (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "date", "elderberry")

# Indexing
print(fruits[0])     # apple
print(fruits[-1])    # elderberry

# Slicing
print(fruits[1:3])   # ('banana', 'cherry')
print(fruits[:3])    # ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
print(fruits[::2])   # ('apple', 'cherry', 'elderberry')

point = (3, 4)

# Cannot modify elements
# point[0] = 10  # TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

# Cannot add or remove elements
# point.append(5)  # AttributeError

# But you can create a new tuple
point = point + (5,)
print(point)  # (3, 4, 5)

# Tuples containing mutable objects
data = ([1, 2], [3, 4])
data[0].append(99)  # The list inside CAN be modified
print(data)  # ([1, 2, 99], [3, 4])
# But you can't replace the list itself:
# data[0] = [5, 6]  # TypeError

# Basic unpacking
point = (3, 4)
x, y = point
print(f"x={x}, y={y}")  # x=3, y=4

# Swap variables
a, b = 10, 20
a, b = b, a
print(a, b)  # 20 10

# Ignore values with _
name, _, age = ("Alice", "ignored", 30)
print(name, age)  # Alice 30

# Extended unpacking with *
first, *rest = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(first)  # 1
print(rest)   # [2, 3, 4, 5]  (note: returns a list)

first, *middle, last = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(middle)  # [2, 3, 4]

# Unpacking in loops
students = [("Alice", 90), ("Bob", 85), ("Charlie", 92)]
for name, score in students:
    print(f"{name}: {score}")

numbers = (1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 5)

# count() - count occurrences
print(numbers.count(2))   # 3

# index() - find first occurrence
print(numbers.index(2))   # 1
print(numbers.index(2, 2))  # 3 (search from index 2)

# Length
print(len(numbers))  # 7

# Membership
print(3 in numbers)       # True
print(10 not in numbers)  # True

# Min, max, sum
print(min(numbers))  # 1
print(max(numbers))  # 5
print(sum(numbers))  # 19

# Concatenation and repetition
a = (1, 2)
b = (3, 4)
print(a + b)    # (1, 2, 3, 4)
print(a * 3)    # (1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)

# Sorted (returns a list)
unsorted = (3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9)
print(sorted(unsorted))  # [1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9]
print(tuple(sorted(unsorted)))  # (1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9)

from collections import namedtuple

# Define a named tuple type
Point = namedtuple("Point", ["x", "y"])

p = Point(3, 4)
print(p.x)      # 3
print(p.y)      # 4
print(p[0])     # 3 (index still works)
print(p)        # Point(x=3, y=4)

# With more fields
Student = namedtuple("Student", "name age grade")
s = Student("Alice", 25, "A")
print(f"{s.name} got grade {s.grade}")  # Alice got grade A

# Convert to dict
print(s._asdict())  # {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'grade': 'A'}

# Create from dict
data = {"name": "Bob", "age": 30, "grade": "B"}
s2 = Student(**data)
print(s2)  # Student(name='Bob', age=30, grade='B')

# Replace values (creates new tuple)
s3 = s._replace(grade="A+")
print(s3)  # Student(name='Alice', age=25, grade='A+')

import sys

# Memory comparison
t = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(sys.getsizeof(t))  # 80 bytes
print(sys.getsizeof(l))  # 120 bytes

# Tuples can be dictionary keys
locations = {
    (40.7128, -74.0060): "New York",
    (51.5074, -0.1278): "London",
    (35.6762, 139.6503): "Tokyo",
}
print(locations[(40.7128, -74.0060)])  # New York

# 1. Function return values
def get_dimensions():
    return (1920, 1080)

width, height = get_dimensions()

# 2. Dictionary keys (must be hashable)
grid = {}
grid[(0, 0)] = "start"
grid[(3, 4)] = "end"

# 3. Fixed configuration data
RGB_RED = (255, 0, 0)
RGB_GREEN = (0, 255, 0)
DATABASE_CONFIG = ("localhost", 5432, "mydb")

# 4. Protecting data from accidental modification
DAYS = ("Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun")

# 5. Storing records
records = [
    ("Alice", "Engineering", 85000),
    ("Bob", "Marketing", 72000),
    ("Charlie", "Engineering", 92000),
]

# Filter and sort
engineering = [r for r in records if r[1] == "Engineering"]
by_salary = sorted(engineering, key=lambda r: r[2], reverse=True)
for name, dept, salary in by_salary:
    print(f"{name}: ${salary:,}")