x = 42
y = -100
big = 999_999_999_999  # Underscores for readability

print(type(x))  # <class 'int'>

# Different number bases
binary = 0b1010      # Binary: 10
octal = 0o17         # Octal: 15
hexadecimal = 0xFF   # Hexadecimal: 255

print(binary, octal, hexadecimal)  # 10 15 255

pi = 3.14159
negative = -0.001
scientific = 2.5e4   # 25000.0

print(type(pi))  # <class 'float'>

# Float precision issues
print(0.1 + 0.2)  # 0.30000000000000004
print(0.1 + 0.2 == 0.3)  # False!

# Use round() or decimal module for precision
print(round(0.1 + 0.2, 1) == 0.3)  # True

# Special float values
import math
print(float('inf'))   # inf
print(float('-inf'))  # -inf
print(math.isnan(float('nan')))  # True

z = 3 + 4j
print(z.real)     # 3.0
print(z.imag)     # 4.0
print(abs(z))     # 5.0 (magnitude)
print(type(z))    # <class 'complex'>

# Complex arithmetic
z1 = 2 + 3j
z2 = 1 - 1j
print(z1 + z2)    # (3+2j)
print(z1 * z2)    # (5+1j)

single = 'Hello'
double = "World"
multi = """This is a
multi-line string"""

# String length
print(len("Python"))  # 6

# Indexing and slicing
text = "Python"
print(text[0])     # P
print(text[-1])    # n
print(text[0:3])   # Pyt
print(text[::2])   # Pto (every 2nd char)
print(text[::-1])  # nohtyP (reversed)

text = "  Hello, World!  "

print(text.strip())       # "Hello, World!"
print(text.lower())       # "  hello, world!  "
print(text.upper())       # "  HELLO, WORLD!  "
print(text.replace("World", "Python"))  # "  Hello, Python!  "
print(text.split(","))    # ['  Hello', ' World!  ']
print(text.strip().startswith("Hello"))  # True
print(text.strip().endswith("!"))        # True
print("world" in text.lower())          # True

name = "Alice"
age = 30

# f-strings (recommended - Python 3.6+)
print(f"{name} is {age} years old")

# f-string expressions
print(f"Next year: {age + 1}")
print(f"Name uppercase: {name.upper()}")
print(f"Price: ${19.99:.2f}")
print(f"{'centered':^20}")  # "      centered      "

# .format() method
print("{} is {} years old".format(name, age))
print("{0} likes {1}. {0} is {2}.".format(name, "Python", age))

# % operator (old style)
print("%s is %d years old" % (name, age))

# Raw strings (ignore escape characters)
path = r"C:\Users\name\documents"
print(path)  # C:\Users\name\documents

is_active = True
is_deleted = False

print(type(is_active))  # <class 'bool'>

# Booleans are subclass of int
print(True + True)   # 2
print(True * 10)     # 10
print(False + 1)     # 1

# Falsy values (evaluate to False)
print(bool(0))       # False
print(bool(0.0))     # False
print(bool(""))      # False
print(bool([]))      # False
print(bool({}))      # False
print(bool(None))    # False

# Truthy values (evaluate to True)
print(bool(1))       # True
print(bool(-1))      # True
print(bool("text"))  # True
print(bool([1, 2]))  # True
print(bool({"a":1})) # True

# Comparisons return booleans
print(10 > 5)       # True
print(10 == 10)     # True
print(10 != 5)      # True

# Logical operators
print(True and False)  # False
print(True or False)   # True
print(not True)        # False

# Chained comparisons
x = 15
print(10 < x < 20)    # True (same as 10 < x and x < 20)

result = None
print(result)        # None
print(type(result))  # <class 'NoneType'>

# Check for None using 'is'
if result is None:
    print("No value assigned")

# Common use: default function parameters
def greet(name=None):
    if name is None:
        print("Hello, stranger!")
    else:
        print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet()          # Hello, stranger!
greet("Alice")   # Hello, Alice!

# Functions without return statement return None
def do_something():
    pass

print(do_something())  # None

# Check type
x = 42
print(type(x))              # <class 'int'>
print(isinstance(x, int))   # True
print(isinstance(x, (int, float)))  # True (check multiple types)

# Convert between types
print(int("42"))       # 42
print(float("3.14"))   # 3.14
print(str(42))         # "42"
print(list("abc"))     # ['a', 'b', 'c']
print(tuple([1,2,3]))  # (1, 2, 3)
print(set([1,1,2,3]))  # {1, 2, 3}
print(bool(42))        # True

"""
A simple data type explorer program.
"""

def analyze_value(value):
    """Analyze and describe a value's type and properties."""
    print(f"Value:    {value!r}")
    print(f"Type:     {type(value).__name__}")
    print(f"Bool:     {bool(value)}")
    print(f"String:   '{str(value)}'")

    if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
        print(f"Positive: {value > 0}")
        print(f"Even:     {value % 2 == 0}" if isinstance(value, int) else "")
    elif isinstance(value, str):
        print(f"Length:   {len(value)}")
        print(f"Alpha:    {value.isalpha()}")
        print(f"Digit:    {value.isdigit()}")
    print("-" * 30)

# Test with different types
test_values = [42, 3.14, "Hello", "", True, None, 0]

for val in test_values:
    analyze_value(val)